banner



Home  ›  What Is The Oldest Animal To Ever Live

What Is The Oldest Animal To Ever Live

Written By Saturday, May 21, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Life forms with longest verified lifespans

This is a list of the longest-living biological organisms: the private(s) (or in some instances, clones) of a species with the longest natural maximum lifespans. For a given species, such a designation may include:

  1. The oldest known individual(s) that are currently alive, with verified ages.
  2. Verified private record holders, such equally the longest-lived human being, Jeanne Louise Calment, or the longest-lived domestic cat, Creme Puff.

The definition of "longest-living" used in this article considers only the observed or estimated length of an individual organism'due south natural lifespan – that is, the duration of time betwixt its nascence or conception, or the earliest emergence of its identity every bit an individual organism, and its death – and does not consider other conceivable interpretations of "longest-living", such as the length of time between the earliest appearance of a species in the fossil tape and the present (the historical "age" of the species as a whole), the time between a species' start speciation and its extinction (the phylogenetic "lifespan" of the species), or the range of possible lifespans of a species' individuals. This listing includes long-lived organisms that are currently still alive as well as those that are dead.

Determining the length of an organism's natural lifespan is complicated by many bug of definition and interpretation, as well as by applied difficulties in reliably measuring historic period, particularly for extremely old organisms and for those that reproduce by asexual cloning. In many cases the ages listed beneath are estimates based on observed nowadays-twenty-four hour period growth rates, which may differ significantly from the growth rates experienced thousands of years agone. Identifying the longest-living organisms besides depends on defining what constitutes an "individual" organism, which tin be problematic, since many asexual organisms and clonal colonies defy 1 or both of the traditional vernacular definitions of individuality (having a singled-out genotype and having an independent, physically separate trunk). Additionally, some organisms maintain the capability to reproduce through very long periods of metabolic dormancy, during which they may not be considered "alive" by certain definitions but all the same tin can resume normal metabolism afterward; it is unclear whether the dormant periods should be counted every bit part of the organism's lifespan.

Biological immortality [edit]

If the mortality rate of a species does not increment subsequently maturity, the species does not age and is said to be biologically immortal. There are numerous plants and animals for which the mortality rate has been observed to really decrease with age, for all or part of the life cycle.[one] Hydra species were observed for 4 years without any increase in mortality rate.[ii] If the mortality rate remains constant, the rate determines the mean lifespan. The lifespan may be long or short, though the species technically does not "age".

Individuals of other species have been observed to regress to a larval country and regrow into adults multiple times. The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii (formerly Turritopsis nutricula) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again. This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known.[3] No single specimen has been observed for any extended period, nonetheless, and estimating the age of a specimen is not possible past any known ways. At least one other hydrozoan (Laodicea undulata [4]) and one scyphozoan (Aurelia sp.1[five]) can also revert from a medusa phase into a polyp stage.

Similarly, the larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity. This cycle tin be repeated many times. However, repeated cycles issue in physiological deterioration, suggesting that these beetle larvae yet age.[6]

Revived into activity subsequently stasis [edit]

If the definition of lifespan does non exclude time spent in metabolically inactive states, many organisms may be said to have lifespans that are millions of years in length. Various claims take been made about reviving bacterial spores to agile metabolism later millions of years of dormancy. Spores preserved in amber have been revived after twoscore meg years,[seven] and spores from salt deposits in New Mexico accept been revived after 250 million years, making these bacteria past far the longest-living organisms ever recorded.[8] In a related find, a scientist was able to coax 34,000-yr-erstwhile table salt-captured bacteria to reproduce. These results were subsequently duplicated independently.[ix]

In July 2018, scientists from four Russian institutions collaborating with Princeton University reported that they had analyzed near 300 prehistoric nematode worms recovered from permafrost above the Arctic Circumvolve in Sakha Republic, and that later on being thawed, two of the nematodes revived and began moving and eating. One establish in a Pleistocene squirrel burrow in the Duvanny Yar outcrop on the Kolyma River was believed to be about 32,000 years old, while the other, recovered in 2015 near the Alazeya River, was dated at approximately xxx,000-twoscore,000 years erstwhile. These nematodes were believed to be the oldest living multicellular animals on Globe.[ten] [11]

Similar bacterial spores, plant seeds are often capable of germinating afterward very long periods of metabolic inactivity. A seed from the previously extinct Judean date palm was revived and managed to sprout after nearly two,000 years. Named "Methuselah", it is currently growing at Kibbutz Keturah, Israel.[12] Similarly, Silene stenophylla was grown from fruit establish in an ancient squirrel'southward enshroud. The germinated plants bore viable seeds. The fruit was dated at 31,800 ± 300 years former.[13] In 1994, a seed from a sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), dated at roughly one,300 ± 270 years onetime, was successfully germinated.[xiv] [15]

During the 1990s, Raul Cano, a microbiologist at California Polytechnic Country University, San Luis Obispo, Us, reported reviving yeast trapped in amber for 25 million years, although doubts were raised equally to its antiquity.[16] [17] [ citation needed ] Cano founded a brewery[eighteen] and crafted an "amber ale" with a 45-million-year-old variant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.[19]

Listing of longest-living organisms [edit]

Microorganisms [edit]

Some endoliths have extremely long lives. In August 2013, researchers reported bear witness of endoliths in the sea floor, maybe millions of years sometime, with a generation time of 10,000 years.[twenty] These are slowly metabolizing and not in a fallow country. Some Actinomycetota found in Siberia are estimated to be half a million years onetime.[21] [22] [23]

The discovered microorganisms

In July 2020, marine biologists reported that aerobic microorganisms (mainly), in "quasi-suspended blitheness", were constitute in organically poor sediments, up to 101.5 meg years onetime, 68.9 metres (226 feet) below the seafloor in the South Pacific Ringlet (SPG) ("the deadest spot in the ocean"), and could be the longest-living life forms ever found.[24] [25]

Clonal plant and fungal colonies [edit]

As with all long-lived found and fungal species, no individual role of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than than a very minor fraction of the life of the unabridged colony. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected but are nonetheless genetically identical clones that populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies are estimates, often based on electric current growth rates.[26]

  • A huge colony of the sea grass Neptunegrass oceanica in the Mediterranean Sea well-nigh Ibiza, Espana, is estimated to be between 12,000 and 200,000 years old. The maximum age is theoretical, as the region it at present occupies was above water at some betoken between ten,000 and eighty,000 years ago.[27] [28] [29]
  • The sole surviving clonal colony of Lomatia tasmanica in Tasmania is estimated to exist at to the lowest degree 43,600 years onetime.[thirty]
  • The Jurupa Oak colony in Riverside County, California, United States, is estimated to be at least xiii,000 years quondam. Other estimates place it at five,000 to 30,000 years old.[31]
  • Eucalyptus recurva clones in Commonwealth of australia have been claimed to exist thirteen,000 years old.[32]
  • A box huckleberry bush-league in Perry County, Pennsylvania, United states of america, is thought to be around 13,000 years old.[33]
  • Male monarch Clone is an individual creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) in the Mojave Desert of southern California, United States, estimated at xi,700 years old.[34] Some other creosote bush has been said to be 12,150 years onetime, merely this is as yet unconfirmed.
  • A Huon pino colony on Mount Read, Tasmania, is estimated at ten,000 years erstwhile, with individual specimens living over 3,000 years.[35]
  • Old Tjikko, a Norway spruce tree in the county of Dalarna, Sweden, is living on top of roots that have been radiocarbon-dated to 9,550 years old. The tree is part of a clonal colony that was established at the end of the last ice age. Discovered past Professor Leif Kullman of Umeå University, Old Tjikko is small, merely v m (16 ft) in summit.[36] [37] [38] [39]
  • Pando is a clonal colony of Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) trees in south-central Utah, U.s., that is estimated to exist several yard years sometime, possibly as much as 14,000 years.[40] Unlike many other clonal "colonies", the above-ground trunks of these trees remain connected to each other by a single massive subterranean root system.
  • "Humongous Fungus", an individual of the clonal subterranean fungal species Armillaria solidipes in Oregon's Malheur National Forest, is idea to be betwixt 2,000 and 8,500 years erstwhile.[41] [42] Autonomously from its extreme age, it is likewise thought to be the earth's largest organism by area, at ii,384 acres (965 hectares).

Individual plant specimens [edit]

  • Methuselah, a Cracking Basin bristlecone pino (Pinus longaeva) in the White Mountains of California, has been measured by ring count to be 4,853 years erstwhile.[43] It is therefore the oldest known living private non-clonal tree in the earth.[44]
  • A specimen of Fitzroya cupressoides in Chile was measured past ring count as iii,651 years sometime, meaning this species has the 2d-oldest verified age of any non-clonal tree species.[44] [45]
  • The Cypress of Abarkuh, a Mediterranean cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) in Islamic republic of iran, is estimated to be between four,000 and 5,000 years old.

  • The Llangernyw Yew, an aboriginal yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Llangernyw in North Wales, is believed to exist between 4,000 and v,000 years onetime.
  • The President, located in Sequoia National Park, California, is the oldest known living giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) at approximately 3,200 years of age.[46]
  • Yareta is a tiny angiosperm in the family Apiaceae native to South America, occurring in the Puna grasslands of the Andes in Republic of peru, Bolivia, northern Chile, and western Argentine republic between three,200 and 4,500 metres (10,500 and xiv,800 ft) in altitude. Some yaretas may be up to iii,000 years former.[47]
  • A Panke baobab (Adansonia digitata) in Zimbabwe was some 2,450 years erstwhile when it died in 2011, making it the oldest angiosperm ever documented, and ii other copse of the same species – Dorslandboom in Namibia and Glencoe in South Africa – were estimated to be approximately ii,000 years former.[48]
  • A sacred fig (Ficus religiosa), the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, is two,309 years old, having been planted in 288 BC.[49] Information technology is the oldest known living homo-planted tree in the earth.[50]
  • The Bully sugi of Kayano, the cryptomeria accounted planted by humans in Kaga, Ishikawa, Japan, had an estimated age of 2,300 years in 1928.
  • Jōmon Sugi, the cryptomeria naturally grown in Yakushima Island, Kagoshima, Japan, is two,170 to 7,200 years old.
  • A specimen of Lagarostrobos franklinii in Tasmania is thought to be about 2,000 years old.[51]
  • The Fortingall Yew, an aboriginal yew (Taxus baccata) in the churchyard of the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland, is one of the oldest known individual trees in Europe. Various estimates take put its historic period between two,000 and five,000 years, although information technology is now believed to be at the lower end of this range.
  • Numerous olive trees are purported to be 2,000 years old or older. An olive tree in Ano Vouves, Crete, claiming such longevity, has been confirmed on the footing of tree-ring analysis.[52] [53]
  • Tāne Mahuta, a kauri tree (Agathis australis) in New Zealand, is believed to be between 1,250 and 2,500 years old. It is the oldest and largest continuing kauri tree at present.
  • Welwitschia is a monotypic genus of gymnosperm plant, composed solely of the singled-out Welwitschia mirabilis. The plant is considered a living fossil. Radiocarbon dating has confirmed that many individuals have lived longer than 1,000 years, and some are suspected to be older than 2,000 years.[ citation needed ]

Aquatic animals [edit]

  • Glass sponges constitute in the East China Sea and Southern Ocean have been estimated to be more than 10,000 years onetime. Although this may exist an overestimate, it is likely that this is the longest lived animal on Earth.[54] [55] [56]
  • Specimens of the black coral genus Leiopathes, such as Leiopathes glaberrima, are among the oldest continuously living organisms on the planet: around iv,265 years one-time.[57]

  • The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is 1 of the longest-lived animals, with the largest specimens in the Caribbean area estimated to be in excess of two,300 years former.[58]
  • The black coral Antipatharia in the Gulf of United mexican states may live more than than ii,000 years.[59]
  • The Antarctic sponge Cinachyra antarctica has an extremely deadening growth rate in the low temperatures of the Southern Ocean. One specimen has been estimated to be i,550 years old.[60]
  • A specimen, "Ming" of the Icelandic cyprine Arctica islandica (also known as an body of water quahog), a clam, was institute to have lived 507 years.[61] Another specimen had a recorded lifespan of 374 years.[62]
  • The tubeworm Escarpia laminata that lives in deep sea common cold seeps regularly reaches the age of between 100 and 200 years, with some individuals adamant to exist more than 300 years erstwhile. It is possible some may alive for over grand years.[63] [64]
  • The Greenland shark had been estimated to live to near 200 years, but a study published in 2016 plant that a v.02 m (sixteen.five ft) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old, resulting in a minimum age of 272 and a maximum of 512.[65] [66] That makes the Greenland shark the longest-lived vertebrate.[67]
  • The maximum life-span of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) may exist 210–250 years.[68] [69] [seventy]
  • Some accept claimed koi fish can live more than than 200 years, for example Hanako, which some merits died at an age of 226 years on July 7, 1977, but this age estimate is based on a scale estimate,[71] [72] is inadequate, and is not scientifically accepted.[73]
  • Some confirmed sources guess bowhead whales to take lived at least to 211 years of age, making them the oldest mammals.[74]
  • Rougheye rockfish can reach an historic period of 205 years.[75]
  • Specimens of the Red Body of water urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus have been found to be over 200 years onetime.[76]
  • Many sub-families of the marine fish Oreosomatidae, including the Allocyttus, Neocyttus, and Pseudocyttus (collectively referred to as the Oreos) have been reported to alive up to 170 years, based on otolith-increase estimates and radiometric dating.[77] [78] [79]
  • The deepsea hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi (Annelida, Polychaeta) lives for more than 170 years.[80]
  • Geoduck, a species of saltwater clam native to the Puget Sound, take been known to alive more 160 years.[81] [82]
  • A Swedish man claimed that a European eel named Åle was 155 years quondam when it died in 2014. If correct, it would accept been the earth's oldest, having been hatched in 1859.[83]
  • Orange roughy, also known as deep sea perch, can live upwards to 149 years.[84]
  • George the lobster was estimated to be about 140 years old past PETA in January 2009.[85]
  • In 2012, a sturgeon estimated to be 125 years onetime was caught in a river in Wisconsin.[86]
  • Tardigrades, capable of cryptobiosis, have been shown to survive nearly 120 years in a dry out state.[87]
  • The Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus), a freshwater fish in the family Catostomidae, has a maximum longevity of at least 112 years based on otolith annulus counts and bomb radiocarbon dating.[88]
  • A killer whale of the "Southern Resident Community" identified as J2 or Granny was estimated by some researchers to accept been approximately 105 years old at her death in 2017; however, other dating methods estimated her age every bit 65–80.[89] [xc]
  • A goldfish named Tish lived for 43 years after being won at a fairground in 1956.[91]

Humans [edit]

Life expectancy by country in 2019

 ≥ 82.5

 80.0 – 82.four

 77.5 – 79.9

 75.0 – 77.four

 72.5 – 74.9

 70.0 – 72.four

 67.5 – 69.nine

 65.0 – 67.four

 62.5 – 64.9

 60.0 – 62.four

 55.0 – 59.9

 < 55.0

 No data

Humans are the longest living land mammals.[92]

  • Jeanne Calment, a French woman, lived to the age of 122 years, 164 days, making her the oldest fully documented human who has ever lived. She died on August 4, 1997.[93]
  • Jiroemon Kimura (†116 years, 54 days) was the oldest verified man and died on 12 June 2013.
  • The oldest known person alive today is Lucile Randon at 118 years, 99 days (born 11 Feb 1904).

These are single examples; for a broader view, see life expectancy (includes humans).

Other terrestrial and pagophilic animals [edit]

  • Adwaita, an Aldabra giant tortoise, died at an estimated age of 255 in March 2006 in Zoological Garden, Alipore, Kolkata, India.[94] It is the oldest terrestrial animal in the world.
  • Tu'i Malila, a radiated tortoise, died at an age of 188 years in May 1966, at the time the oldest verified vertebrate.[95] This tortoise was born in 1777.
  • Jonathan, a Republic of seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of Saint Helena, is reported to be well-nigh 190 years old, and may, therefore, be the oldest currently living terrestrial animal if the merits is true.[96]
  • Harriet, a Galápagos tortoise, died at the age of 175 years in June 2006.[97]
  • Timothy, a Greek tortoise, born in Turkey died at an age of 165 years on iii April 2004 in the UK.[98]
  • The oldest known bird in the globe was an Australian sulphur-crested cockatoo called Self Bennett, who lived to 120.[99] He could recall phrases such as "one plumage more and I'll fly" and "one at a fourth dimension, gentlemen, please". He lived from 1796 to 1916 and travelled the world with various owners.
  • The tuatara, a lizard-similar reptile native to New Zealand, can live well over 100 years. Henry, a tuatara at the Southland Museum in New Zealand, mated for the first fourth dimension at the estimated age of 111 years in 2009 with an 80-year-old female and fathered 11 baby tuatara.[100]
  • Dakshayani, a female Asian elephant, initially owned by the Travancore royal family and later by the Travancore Devaswom Board, was 88 or 89 years quondam when she died on Feb five, 2019.[101] She is believed to exist the oldest elephant in captivity in Asia and was nicknamed 'Gaja Muthassi' (grandmother of elephants).
  • Lin Wang, an Asian elephant, was the oldest elephant in the Taipei Zoo. He was born on January 18, 1917, and died on February 26, 2003, at 86 years,[102] surpassing the previous record of 84. Normally, elephants live up to 50 years, while their maximum lifespan is generally estimated at 70.
  • Hakuna, an African slender-snouted crocodile was gifted to Blijdorp Zoo in Rotterdam, Netherlands, in 1929 by singer and dancer Josephine Bakery, He lived there for 85 years until he died on nineteen Feb 2015, He is the oldest crocodile in captivity always.[103]
  • A greater flamingo named Greater died at Adelaide Zoo in Jan 2014 at the age of at least 83.[104]
  • Cookie (hatched June 30, 1933), an Australian-born Major Mitchell'south cockatoo at Brookfield Zoo, Illinois, was the oldest member of his species in captivity, and died in August 2016 at a verified historic period of 83.[105]
  • Muja, an American alligator at Belgrade Zoo, is considered the oldest alligator in the globe.[106] Muja is more than eighty years onetime.[107]
  • Thaao, an Andean condor built-in c.  1930, died at the age of 79 or 80 in 2010.[108]
  • A female person Laysan albatross named Wisdom successfully laid an egg at Midway Atoll in December 2016, at the historic period of 66. Every bit of 2017, she is the oldest known wild bird in the world.[109]
  • The oldest living horse on record, Ol' Billy, was allegedly born in the year 1760 in London, England. Bill died in 1822 at the age of 62 years. Henry Harrison, a resident of London during the fourth dimension, had also allegedly known Ol' Billy for 59 years until Bill'southward death.[110]
  • Nonja, a Sumatran orangutan, died at the historic period of 55 years in Dec 2007. She was claimed to be the oldest-living orangutan of her species.[111]
  • The oldest carry on record was Andreas, a European brownish deport, living in the ARCTUROS bear sanctuary in northern Greece.[112] He was at least 50 years quondam at the time of his death.
  • On May 27, 1983, a splendor protrude emerged from a staircase in Essex, Uk, after at least 47 years as a larva.[113]
  • A wild-born black rhino named Elly was the oldest in Due north America at an estimated 45 years of age, and resided in California's San Francisco Zoo from April 1974 until passing in May 2017.[114]
  • The oldest living spider, named Number sixteen by researchers, was a 43-year-old female Gaius villosus armored trapdoor spider, at the North Bungulla Reserve, Tammin, Western Australia.[115]
  • Debby, the polar bear, an inhabitant of the Assiniboine Park Zoo in Winnipeg, Canada, was the oldest polar carry and third-oldest carry species on record when she died in 2008, at the age of 42 years.[116]
  • The oldest recorded bat, a Siberian bat[117] (previously identified as a Brandt's bat), was at least 41 years old at the time of capture.[118]
  • Creme Puff, a cat owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas, was born August three, 1967, and died three days afterwards her 38th birthday on August half-dozen, 2005.[119]
  • The oldest goat was McGinty who lived to the age of 22 years and v months until her death in November 2003 on Hayling Island, United kingdom.[120]
  • A wild rabbit named Flopsy was defenseless on August six, 1964, and died eighteen years and 10 months afterward in Tasmania, Australia.[120]
  • A bearded dragon owned by Nik Vernon, was 16 years 129 days sometime when he died on December two, 2013.[121]
  • The oldest gerbil was a Mongolian gerbil named Sahara, she was built-in in May 1973 and died on 4 October 1981 aged 8 years and four months.[122]
  • Fritzy, a firm mouse, built-in on 11 September 1977 and died on 24 April 1985, 7 years and vii months after he was built-in.[123]
  • A hamster owned past Karen Smeaton in Tyne & Wear, Great britain, reached 4 years and half dozen months.[122]

See also [edit]

  • Biological immortality
  • Earliest known life forms
  • Immortality
  • Largest organisms
  • Listing of longest living dogs
  • List of oldest copse
  • Lists of organisms by population
  • Longevity
  • Maximum life span
  • Oldest people
  • Regeneration

References [edit]

  1. ^ Ainsworth, C; Lepage, K (2007). "Evolution'southward greatest mistakes". New Scientist. 195 (2616): 36–39. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)62033-8.
  2. ^ Martínez, Daniel E. (1998). "Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in Hydra". Experimental Gerontology. 33 (3): 217–225. CiteSeerXx.i.1.500.9508. doi:10.1016/S0531-5565(97)00113-7. PMID 9615920. S2CID 2009972.
  3. ^ Gilbert, Scott F. (2010). "The Immortal Life Wheel of Turritopsis". Developmental Biology (ninth ed.). Sinauer Associates. ISBN978-0-878-93384-6. Archived from the original on 2013-06-x.
  4. ^ De Vito; et al. (2006). "Evidence of reverse development in Leptomedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa): the example of Laodicea undulata (Forbes and Goodsir 1851)". Marine Biology. 149 (2): 339–346. doi:10.1007/s00227-005-0182-3. S2CID 84325535.
  5. ^ He; et al. (2015-12-21). "Life Bicycle Reversal in Aurelia sp.1 (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa)". PLOS I. x (12): e0145314. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1045314H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145314. PMC4687044. PMID 26690755.
  6. ^ Beck, SD; Bharadwaj, RK (1972). "Reversed development and cellular crumbling in an insect". Scientific discipline. 178 (4066): 1210–1211. Bibcode:1972Sci...178.1210B. doi:10.1126/science.178.4066.1210. PMID 4637808. S2CID 34101370.
  7. ^ Cano, RJ; Borucki, MK (nineteen May 1995). "Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber". Science. 268 (5213): 1060–1064. Bibcode:1995Sci...268.1060C. doi:10.1126/science.7538699. PMID 7538699.
  8. ^ Vreeland, Russell H.; Rosenzweig, William D.; Powers, Dennis W. (2000-10-19). "Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary common salt crystal". Nature. 407 (6806): 897–900. Bibcode:2000Natur.407..897V. doi:10.1038/35038060. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 11057666. S2CID 9879073.
  9. ^ "34,000 Year Quondam Organisms Institute Buried Alive!". Yahoo News. Jan 13, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  10. ^ Shatilovich, A. V.; Tchesunov, A. V.; Neretina, T. 5.; Grabarnik, I. P.; Gubin, S. Five.; Vishnivetskaya, T. A.; Onstott, T. C.; Rivkina, Eastward. One thousand. (2018-05-01). "Viable Nematodes from Late Pleistocene Permafrost of the Kolyma River Lowland". Doklady Biological Sciences. 480 (i): 100–102. doi:10.1134/S0012496618030079. ISSN 1608-3105. PMID 30009350. S2CID 49743808.
  11. ^ "Worms frozen in permafrost for up to 42,000 years come back to life". Retrieved July 27, 2018.
  12. ^ Erlanger, Steven (June 12, 2005). "Afterward 2,000 years, a seed from ancient Judea sprouts". The New York Times.
  13. ^ Yashina, S.; Gubin, Southward.; Maksimovich, South.; Yashina, A.; Gakhova, E.; Gilichinsky, D. (2012). "Regeneration of whole fertile plants from 30,000-y-old fruit tissue buried in Siberian permafrost". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (ten): 4008–13. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109.4008Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.1118386109. PMC3309767. PMID 22355102.
  14. ^ Shen-Miller; Mudgett, M. B.; William Schopf, J.; Clarke, S.; Berger, R. (1995). "Exceptional seed longevity and robust growth: Ancient sacred lotus from China". American Journal of Botany. 82 (11): 1367–1380. doi:x.2307/2445863. JSTOR 2445863.
  15. ^ Shen-Miller; et al. (2002). "Long-living lotus: germination and soil gamma-irradiation of centuries-old fruits, and tillage, growth, and phenotypic abnormalities of offspring". American Journal of Botany. Retrieved 2010-02-03 . Sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) has been cultivated as a crop in Asia for thousands of years. A [roughly 1300-year-sometime] lotus fruit, recovered from an originally cultivated but now dry out lakebed in northeastern People's republic of china, is the oldest germinated and directly 14C-dated fruit known. In 1996, we traveled to the dry lake at Xipaozi Village, Cathay, the source of the old viable fruits.
  16. ^ Brüssow, Harald (2020). "Bioarchaeology: a profitable dialogue between microbiology and archeology". Microbial Biotechnology. 13 (2): 406–409. doi:10.1111/1751-7915.13527. ISSN 1751-7915. PMC7017812. PMID 32053292.
  17. ^ Nick Wilson (Jan xviii, 2011). "Poly professor brews beer with 45-one thousand thousand-year-old yeast". Retrieved Nov sixteen, 2015.
  18. ^ "The Story - nature finds a way". Fossil Fuels Brewing Co. Archived from the original on 2020-01-31.
  19. ^ Erin Biba (July twenty, 2009). "Bister Ale: Brewing Beer From 45-Million-Year-One-time Yeast". Retrieved Nov xvi, 2015.
  20. ^ Bob Yirka Aug 29, 2013
  21. ^ Sussman: Oldest Plants, The Guardian, 2 May 2010
  22. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-07-13. Retrieved 2018-07-13 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy equally title (link)
  23. ^ Willerslev, Eske; Froese, Duane; Gilichinsky, David; Rønn, Regin; Bunce, Michael; Zuber, Maria T.; Gilbert, 1000. Thomas P.; Brand, Tina; Munch, Kasper; Nielsen, Rasmus; Mastepanov, Mikhail; Christensen, Torben R.; Hebsgaard, Martin B.; Johnson, Sarah Stewart (September 4, 2007). "Aboriginal bacteria prove evidence of Dna repair". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (36): 14401–14405. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10414401J. doi:ten.1073/pnas.0706787104. PMC1958816. PMID 17728401.
  24. ^ Wu, Katherine J. (28 July 2020). "These Microbes May Have Survived 100 Meg Years Beneath the Seafloor - Rescued from their cold, cramped and food-poor homes, the bacteria awoke in the lab and grew". Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  25. ^ Morono, Yuki; et al. (28 July 2020). "Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as erstwhile as 101.5 one thousand thousand years". Nature Communications. 11 (3626): 3626. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3626M. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1. PMC7387439. PMID 32724059.
  26. ^ Gymnosperm Database (ii January 2007). "How Old Is That Tree?". Archived from the original on 2012-09-27. Retrieved 2006-07-25 .
  27. ^ Ibiza Spotlight (28 May 2006). "Ibiza'southward Monster Marine Plant". Archived from the original on 2006-08-27. Retrieved 2007-05-09 .
  28. ^ Pearlman, Jonathan (2012-02-07). "'Oldest living thing on earth' discovered". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on February 7, 2012.
  29. ^ Arnaud-Haond, Sophie; Duarte, Carlos M.; Diaz-Almela, Elena; Marbà, Núria; Sintes, Tomas; Serrão, Ester A. (February 1, 2012). Bruun, Hans Henrik (ed.). "Implications of Extreme Life Bridge in Clonal Organisms: Millenary Clones in Meadows of the Threatened Seagrass Posidonia oceanica". PLOS Ane. 7 (2): e30454. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730454A. doi:ten.1371/journal.pone.0030454. PMC3270012. PMID 22312426.
  30. ^ Discovery Channel (21 October 1996). "Tasmanian bush-league could be oldest living organism". Archived from the original on July 23, 2006. Retrieved 2006-07-25 .
  31. ^ Michael Reilly (Dec 23, 2009). "Ancient tree (about) older than dirt". Discovery News. Retrieved Jan xv, 2015.
  32. ^ "Oldest Living Organism: Ancient Bacteria". Extreme Scientific discipline. Archived from the original on February five, 2010. Retrieved Jan 31, 2013.
  33. ^ McMillen, Nathan D. (Fall 2010). "Pennsylvania'south Oldest Citizen". Archived from the original on Nov 22, 2017.
  34. ^ "Plant Hall of Fame". Fact Monster. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  35. ^ "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Archived from the original on 2012-09-02. Retrieved 2008-05-06 .
  36. ^ "Press release from Umeå Academy". Info.umu.se. Archived from the original on 2008-04-20. Retrieved 2010-03-17 .
  37. ^ "Swedish spruce may be globe'southward oldest living tree". Reuters. April xi, 2008.
  38. ^ "Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden". News.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2010-03-17 .
  39. ^ "Earth'due south oldest living tree discovered in Sweden". Swedish Research Quango. 16 April 2008.
  40. ^ Rogers, Paul C.; McAvoy, Darren J. (2018-10-17). Heinze, Berthold (ed.). "Mule deer impede Pando's recovery: Implications for aspen resilience from a unmarried-genotype forest". PLOS I. thirteen (ten): e0203619. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303619R. doi:x.1371/journal.pone.0203619. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC6192553. PMID 30332420.
  41. ^ "Humongous Fungus A New Kind Of Individual". Science Daily. March 25, 2003.
  42. ^ "Foreign but True: The Largest Organism on Earth Is a Fungus". Scientific American. October 4, 2007.
  43. ^ "Pinus longaeva". Gymnosperm Database. March 15, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-xx .
  44. ^ a b "Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, OLDLIST". Retrieved Jan six, 2013.
  45. ^ Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo (21 May 1993). "A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America". Science. 260 (5111): 1104–1106. Bibcode:1993Sci...260.1104L. doi:10.1126/science.260.5111.1104. PMID 17806339. S2CID 46397540.
  46. ^ Quammen, David (December 2012). "Forest Behemothic". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-21 .
  47. ^ Ralph, Carol Pearson (March 1978). "Observations on Azorella compacta (Umbelliferae), a Tropical Andean Cushion Plant". Biotropica. 10 (one): 62–67. doi:ten.2307/2388107. JSTOR 2388107. (subscription required)
  48. ^ Patrut, Adrian; et al. (2018). "The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs". Nature Plants. 4 (7): 423–426. doi:ten.1038/s41477-018-0170-five. hdl:2263/65292. PMID 29892092. S2CID 47017569.
  49. ^ Shanika Sriyananda (2011-07-03). "Caring for the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi". Archived from the original on 2013-04-13. Retrieved 2012-01-24 .
  50. ^ "The Coming of the Bodhi Tree to Lanka". www.srimahabodhi.org.
  51. ^ "Botanical Tape Breakers: Astonishing Trivia Almost Plants". Waynesword.palomar.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2010-03-17 .
  52. ^ Rackham, Oliver; Moody, J (1996). The Making of the Cretan Landscape.
  53. ^ Riley, FR (2002). "Olive Oil Production on Statuary Historic period Crete: Nutritional properties, Processing methods, and Storage life of Minoan olive oil". Oxford Periodical of Archeology. 21 (1): 63–75. doi:x.1111/1468-0092.00149.
  54. ^ "Glass sponge every bit a living climate annal". PhysOrg. April 5, 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
  55. ^ "AnAge entry for Scolymastra joubini". Homo Ageing Genomic Resource. AnAge Database of Animate being Ageing and Longevity. Retrieved 9 Jan 2017.
  56. ^ Robert Lloyd (March 16, 2012). "Television review: 'Frozen Planet' on Discovery Channel". Los Angeles Times.
  57. ^ Graczyk, Michael (2009-03-25). "Scientists ID living coral as 4,265 years old". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2009-04-01.
  58. ^ McMurray, SE; Blum, JE; Pawlik, JR (2008). "Redwood of the reef : growth and age of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys". Marine Biology. 155 (2): 159–171. doi:10.1007/s00227-008-1014-z. S2CID 55834932.
  59. ^ "two,000 Year-erstwhile Deep-ocean Black Corals telephone call Gulf of Mexico Home". U.S. Geological Survey. March 30, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  60. ^ "AnAge entry for Cinachyra antarctica". Genomics.senescence.info. Retrieved 2010-03-17 .
  61. ^ Butler, Paul; Advertizing Wanamaker; JD Scourse; CA Richardson; DJ Reynolds (2012). "Variability of marine climate on the North Icelandic Shelf in a 1357-yr proxy annal based on growth increments in the bivalve Arctica islandica". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 373: 141–151. Bibcode:2013PPP...373..141B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.016.
  62. ^ Schöne; Fiebig, J; Pfeiffer, M; Gleb, R; Hickson, J; Johnson, A; Dreyer, Due west; Oschmann, W (2005). "Climate records from a bivalved Methuselah". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 228 (one–2): 130–148. Bibcode:2005PPP...228..130S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.049.
  63. ^ Durkin, Alanna; Fisher, Charles R.; Cordes, Erik E. (8 July 2017). "Farthermost longevity in a abyssal vestimentiferan tubeworm and its implications for the development of life history strategies". The Science of Nature. 104 (7–8): 63. Bibcode:2017SciNa.104...63D. doi:10.1007/s00114-017-1479-z. PMID 28689349. S2CID 11287549.
  64. ^ Gruber, Karl (20 July 2017). "Behemothic deep-sea worms may live to be 1000 years old or more than". New Scientist.
  65. ^ Pennisi, Elizabeth (11 August 2016). "Greenland shark may live 400 years, smashing longevity record". Science. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  66. ^ Nielsen, Julius; Hedeholm, Rasmus B.; Heinemeier, January; Bushnell, Peter Thou.; Christiansen, Jørgen Due south.; Olsen, Jesper; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk; Brill, Richard W.; Simon, Malene (2016-08-12). "Heart lens radiocarbon reveals centuries of longevity in the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus)". Science. 353 (6300): 702–704. Bibcode:2016Sci...353..702N. doi:10.1126/scientific discipline.aaf1703. hdl:2022/26597. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 27516602. S2CID 206647043.
  67. ^ Varandani, Suman (fourteen Dec 2017). "512-Yr-Onetime Shark, Believed To Be Oldest Living Verbrate, Plant In Northward Atlantic". International Business Times . Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  68. ^ Ziuganov, V., San Miguel, Due east., Neves, R.J., Longa, A., Fernandez, C., Amaro, R., Beletsky, 5., Popkovitch, E., Kaliuzhin, South., Johnson, T. (2000). "Life span variation of the freshwater pearlshell: a model species for testing longevity mechanisms in animals". Ambio. XXIX (two): 102–105. doi:x.1579/0044-7447-29.2.102. S2CID 86366534. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ Зюганов В.В. (2004). "Арктические долгоживущие и южные короткоживущие моллюски жемчужницы как модель для изучения основ долголетия". Успехи геронтол. 14: 21–31.
  70. ^ Helama S.; Valovirta I. (2008). "The oldest recorded animal in Finland: ontogenetic age and growth in Margaritifera margaritifera (L. 1758) based on internal beat out increments" (PDF). Memoranda Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica. 84: 20–thirty.
  71. ^ Koshihara, Komei (1966). "The Story of Hanako". NHK. Archived from the original on August eight, 2007.
  72. ^ Barton, Laura (2007-04-12). "Laura Barton on the lifespan of pets". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2009-04-11 .
  73. ^ Brown, Paul; Green, Corey; Sivakumaran, K. P.; Stoessel, Daniel; Giles, A. (2004). "Validating Otolith Annuli for Annual Age Conclusion of Common Carp". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 133 (1): 190–196. doi:10.1577/T02-148. ISSN 1548-8659.
  74. ^ Alaska Scientific discipline Forum (15 February 2001). "Bowhead Whales May Exist the World's Oldest Mammals". Archived from the original on 2009-12-09. Retrieved 2006-07-25 .
  75. ^ Cailliet, G.M.; Andrews, A.H.; Burton, E.J.; Watters, D.L.; Kline, D.Eastward.; Ferry-Graham, L.A. (2001). "Age conclusion and validation studies of marine fishes: do deep-dwellers alive longer?". Exp. Gerontol. 36 (iv–vi): 739–764. doi:10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00239-4. PMID 11295512. S2CID 42894988.
  76. ^ Ebert, TA; Southon, JR (2003). "Carmine bounding main urchins tin live over 100 years: confirmation with A-flop 14carbon – Strongylocentrotus franciscanus". Fishery Bulletin. 101 (4): 915–922.
  77. ^ "Allocyttus verrucosus". The Moirai – Crumbling Inquiry. 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2016-eleven-xx .
  78. ^ "Pseudocyttus maculatus". The Moirai – Crumbling Inquiry. 2016-ten-05. Retrieved 2016-11-20 .
  79. ^ "Neocyttus rhomboidalis". The Moirai – Crumbling Research. 2016-x-03. Retrieved 2016-11-twenty .
  80. ^ Sharmishtha, D.; Miles, L. L.; Barnabei, M.S.; Fisher, C. R. (2006). "The hydrocarbon seep tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi primarily eliminates sulfate and hydrogen ions across its roots to conserve energy and ensure sulfide supply". Periodical of Experimental Biological science. 209 (19): 3795–3805. doi:x.1242/jeb.02413. PMID 16985196.
  81. ^ "Geoduck". BC Seafood Online. Archived from the original on September 17, 2011.
  82. ^ MacDonald, Colin (August 21, 2004). "Cashing in on geoducks – once chowder fodder, the giant clam can fetch upward to $24 a pop". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18. (subscription required)
  83. ^ David Harding (ix Baronial 2014). "World's oldest eel dies aged 155, Sweden mourns". The New York Daily News. Retrieved 1 Apr 2015.
  84. ^ Fenton, G.E; Short, S.A.; Ritz, D.A. (June 1991). "Historic period determination of orange roughy, Hoplostethus atlanticus (Pisces: Trachichthyidae) using 210 Lead: 226 Ra disequilibria". Marine Biology. 109 (2): 197–202. doi:x.1007/BF01319387. ISSN 0025-3162. S2CID 84942308.
  85. ^ "George the giant lobster liberated from restaurant". CNN. January 10, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  86. ^ "Wisconsin DNR catches and tags record 125-yr-old sturgeon that's bigger than linebacker". Star Tribune. April 12, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-04-13. Retrieved January 31, 2013.
  87. ^ Guidetti, R. & Jönsson, One thousand.I. (2002). "Long-term anhydrobiotic survival in semi-terrestrial micrometazoans". Journal of Zoology. 257 (two): 181–187. CiteSeerX10.1.1.630.9839. doi:10.1017/S095283690200078X.
  88. ^ Lackmann, Alec R.; Andrews, Allen H.; Butler, Malcolm Grand.; Bielak-Lackmann, Ewelina South.; Clark, Mark E. (2019-05-23). "Bigmouth Buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus sets freshwater teleost record equally improved age analysis reveals centenarian longevity". Communications Biological science. 2 (1): 197. doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0452-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC6533251. PMID 31149641.
  89. ^ TEGNA. "Oldest Southern Resident killer whale considered dead". KING . Retrieved 2017-01-03 .
  90. ^ Podt, Annemieke (2016-12-31). "Orca Granny: was she actually 105?". Retrieved September 11, 2017.
  91. ^ Guinness world records 2001. Jim Pattison Grouping. 2000. p. 163. ISBN9780553583755.
  92. ^ "Which mammal lives the longest?". Notice Wildlife . Retrieved 2021-09-07 .
  93. ^ Guinness World Records, 1999 edition, p. 102, ISBN 0-85112-070-nine.
  94. ^ BBC News – South Asia (2006-03-23). "'Clive of India's' tortoise dies". BBC News. BBC Online. Retrieved 2014-01-23 .
  95. ^ "Week In Science: 6/23 – half-dozen/29". Seed. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  96. ^ "Meet Jonathan, St Helena's 182-year-former behemothic tortoise". BBC News. 13 March 2014.
  97. ^ "Harriet the Tortoise dies at 175". BBC News. 23 June 2006.
  98. ^ "Timmy the tortoise dies anile 160". BBC News. April 7, 2004. Retrieved Jan 31, 2013.
  99. ^ Kwek, Glenda (2011-08-31). "Sydney's old crock of a cockie was a fable at 120". The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2022-01-15 .
  100. ^ Bai, Nina (January 26, 2009). "111-Year-Sometime Reptile Becomes a Dad Afterward Tumor Surgery". Discover . Retrieved Jan 31, 2013.
  101. ^ Staff Reporter (2019-02-06). "Dakshayani, oldest Asian elephant, dies". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2020-04-08 .
  102. ^ Yun-Ping, Chang. "Nation mourns Lin Wang's death". taipeitimes.com. The Taipei Times. Retrieved 28 Nov 2021.
  103. ^ Guinness earth records 2017. Jim Pattison Grouping. 2016. p. 54. ISBN9781904994862.
  104. ^ "Greater, the 83-yr-old Adelaide Zoo flamingo, dies". The Australian. 31 January 2014. Retrieved 31 Jan 2014.
  105. ^ "Cookie the Cockatoo at Brookfield Zoo dies". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved seven September 2016.
  106. ^ "Elderly alligator recovers later on life-saving surgery". February 24, 2012. Archived from the original on September 8, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
  107. ^ Lazarević, Z. "Najstariji aligator na svetu živi u Beogradu". Blic.rs.
  108. ^ Burgeson, John (January 26, 2010). "Beardsley Zoo's Andean condor, world'due south oldest, dead at 80". The Connecticut Postal service . Retrieved Jan 31, 2013.
  109. ^ Fears, Darryl. "Wisdom the albatross, the oldest known wild bird, merely laid an egg at age 66". washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  110. ^ Meier, Allison (iv March 2013). "Morbid Monday: The Split Caput of Onetime Billy, the World'due south Oldest Equus caballus". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  111. ^ "'Globe's oldest' orang-utan dies". bbc.co.united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. BBC News. 2002-12-31. Retrieved 2012-03-18 .
  112. ^ "Andreas – oldest behave in the world dies in Greek sanctuary". The Bear Sanctuary.
  113. ^ Guinness world records 2005. Jim Pattison Group. 2004. p. 69. ISBN9780851121925.
  114. ^ Har, Janie (Jan 1, 2016). "Oldest black rhino in North America turns 45". Associated Press.
  115. ^ Bricklayer, Leanda Denise; Wardell-Johnson, Grant; Main, Barbara York (2018). "The longest-lived spider: mygalomorphs dig deep, and persevere". Pacific Conservation Biology. 24 (2): 203–206. doi:10.1071/PC18015.
  116. ^ Tributes cascade in later oldest polar bear dies in Winnipeg from CBC.ca; published Nov 18, 2008; retrieved September 27, 2014
  117. ^ Kruskop, Sergei V.; Borisenko, Alex 5.; Ivanova, Natalia V.; Lim, Burton K.; Eger, Judith L. (June 1, 2012). "Genetic Diversity of Northeastern Palaearctic Bats as Revealed by Deoxyribonucleic acid Barcodes". Acta Chiropterologica. 14 (one): 1–14. doi:10.3161/150811012X654222. ISSN 1508-1109.
  118. ^ Locke, Robert (2006). "Longest-lived mammals offer clues to improve aging in humans". BATS Magazine. Austin, TX: Bat Conservation International. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  119. ^ Guinness Globe Records 2010. Bantam; Reprint edition. 2010. p. 320. ISBN978-0-553-59337-2. The oldest cat always was Creme Puff, who was built-in on August iii, 1967 and lived until August six, 2005 – 38 years and 3 days in total.
  120. ^ a b Guinness world records 2005. Jim Pattison Group. 2004. p. 73. ISBN9780851121925.
  121. ^ Guinness world records 2015. Jim Pattison Group. 2014. p. 64. ISBN9781101883808.
  122. ^ a b Guinness world records 2014. Jim Pattison Group. 2013. p. 43. ISBN9781908843159.
  123. ^ "Oldest Mouse". Guinness World Records . Retrieved 29 Oct 2020.

Further reading [edit]

  • Rachel Sussman (2014). The Oldest Living Things in the Earth. Chicago: University of Chicago Printing. ISBN9780226057507.

External links [edit]

  • Rachel Sussman: Earth'south oldest living things – TED Talk
  • Live Scientific discipline: Longest living animals (Baronial, 2021).

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms

Posted by: limonfordispreme.blogspot.com

0 Response to "What Is The Oldest Animal To Ever Live"

Post a Comment

Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

Iklan Atas Artikel

Iklan Tengah Artikel 1

Iklan Tengah Artikel 2

Iklan Bawah Artikel